A Union of Insufficiencies: Strategies for Teacher Assessment in a Period of Educational Reform

31 Lee Shulman 1988 A Union of Insufficiencies: Strategies for Teacher Assessment in a Period of Educational Reform "A combination of methods--portfolios, direct observation, assessment centers, and better tests--can compensate for one another's shortcomings as well as reflect the richness and complexity of teaching," writes Shulman. Shulman, L. (1988). Educational leadership (Nov. 1988).